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Forex, opções de binaires, diamantes: la liste noire des sites internet.

Publicado em 31 de janeiro de 2018.

L'AMF publie régulièrement la liste des sites Internet et entitits proposant en France, sans en avoir le droit, des issions sur le marie des change (Forex) ou via des options binaires. Elle publie également la liste des sites proposant d'investir dans des biens divers, comme les diamantes, sans respecter la réglementation en vigueur.

Atenção, cite liste peut ne pas être complete carros de nouveaux acteurs non autorisés apparaissent régulièrement.

Que faut-il savoir et vérifier?

L’AMF recomenda que o sistema seja validado de acordo com as necessidades do investidor no mercado Forex ou através de opções de serviços de assistência técnica na Bélgica: consulte o Rega do Regis.

É provável que um site proponha uma colocação em diamantes de investimento ou de colocação de veículos atípicos relevantes do regime de biens divers (vins, énergies renouvelable, forêts et bois exotiques, manuscrits, etc.), vous devez vérifier qu'il possède bien un numéro d'enregistrement qui do figurer sur le document d'information à destination des investisseurs. Vous trouveré sur le site de l'AF la liste des offres enregistrées d'intermédiaires en biens divers.

Si intertédiaire concernre ne figure pas sur Réficits dans le cadre du Forex et des options binaires ou descarte pas d'un numero d'enregistrement pour l'investissement dans le diamant et les autres biens divers, ne répondez pas à ses sollicitations. Vous prendriez le risque de choisir un intermédiaire qui ne respecte pas les règles élémentaires de protection et de bonne information des investisseurs. Por favor, observe que o serviço de aluguel de carros está à sua disposição, e o serviço de aluguel de carro, além de um serviço de aluguel de carros vitorioso. Compor tenu risqué de perte d'argent eléglé et de la présence de prestataires peux sérieux, voire exerce ilégalement leurs activités, é preferable d'viter d'investir on the Forex, les options binaires, les diamantes e autres biens divers.

L'AMF responde a suas perguntas Pour savoir et le prestataire est autorisé et propriété des produits ou services financiers, vous pouvez également vous renseigner sur notre site internet amf-france ou contacter l'équipe d'amF Epargne info service au 01 53 45 62 00 de domingo a sexta-feira, das 9h às 17h.

La liste noire des sites non autorisés à propriété du Forex.

(mise à jour au 14 de dezembro de 2017)

1875-financeinvest / 1875 Finanças Invest.

4xp / fr / Forex Place Limited.

admiralmarketsltd / Admiral Markets Global Solutions Ltd.

astonforex / Marketrade Ltd.

bancdeoptionsteam / Bancde Opções.

Bancmarkets / Marketing Accounting Ltd.

bankinvestcapital / Ltd Global Gateway.

bclaysmarkets / Bclays Markets.

bforex / BFOREX Limited.

bloomcapitalmarkets / Original Markets LTD.

brokerandco / Sisma Capital Limited.

brokers500 / Market City Inter. SRL.

cbre-securityplace e companybusiness-researcheconomic / CBRE-SECURITYPLACE.

cfxmarkets / CFB International Ltd.

citybankcfd / City Bank CFD.

colbertcap / Colbert Capital.

consorfx / Trading Technologies Ltd.

cvcgroups / CVC Ltd.

edgecapitalfunds / ECF Ltd.

elyseescapital / Elysees Capital.

equity capital / Equity Capitals Ltd.

expertdania-investissement / Expert Dania Investissement Ltd.

eurobondfx / Eurobond Ltd.

euromaxfinance / Euromax Finance Limited.

feeltrade / JBC-PRO Limited Corretora Internacional.

finanzasforex / Evolution Market Group Inc.

finchmarkets / Finch Markets.

fm-fx / FM Marketing Ltd.

forextradition / Forex Tradition.

ftradição / G. M.E. Ltd.

fxandco / Globe and co Ltd.

fxbtrade / AXA Assets Ltd.

fxcapitalbank / Capital Market Limited.

fxcast / Surplus Finance SA.

fxglcapital / Consomatrade Ltd.

fxntrade / Genus Group Ltd.

fxsep / Sep Global Limited.

gainy / fr / Gainsy Forex broker Empresa.

gcitrading / GCI Financial Limited.

gfssecurities / GFS Securities Ltd.

globuscapitallimited / Globus Capital Associates Limited.

gmtinvesting / Agles Limited.

gninvest-ag / Gninvest AG.

gss-fi. eu/ GSS Financial.

haussman-invest / Haussman Invest.

hcifund / Axa Assets Limited.

ia-patrimoine / IAP Ltd.

ibcfx / IBC Capital Ltd.

icmarkets / International Capital Markets PTY Ltd.

icmtrading / iTrade Captal Markets Ltd.

ifx4u / O Oklycapital Limited.

ihforex / Investment House International.

ikkotrader / IP Serviço Internacional.

imcbroker / Nordane Group Ltd.

Instaforex / InstaForex Companies Group.

integralbroker / IB International Ltd.

investcapitalmarkets / ICM Worldwide Ltd.

Investir-seguro-internacional / Investing Secure International Ltd.

Investocopy / Investocopy Ltd.

istockcapital / Certatus Limited.

itcfx / Investment Formula Corporation.

itnfx / International Traders Network FX.

jbc-pro / JBC Pro Limited.

justrader / MT Capital Partners.

kd-markets / Globstate Ativos Holdings Ltd.

Ksftrade / Marshall Inovação Avançada LTD e Joshua Consulting LTD.

lambergkapital / Original Markets Ltd.

londonbcapital / Londres B Capital.

marketct / Market CT.

metatrada / Meta Trada.

mhoptions / Morgan & amp; Empunhar

Motionforex / Motion Forex Ltd.

mrtmarkets / MRT Technology Limited.

mt4invest / MT4 Invest.

corretor mútuo / corretor mútuo.

netcfd / Centaure Capital Partners Ltd.

Netotrade / Neto Trade Global Investment.

newtradefx / Financial Strategy Holdings.

obroker / Landkey Enterprises Inc.

oxfordmarkets / Oxford Markets.

primefms / B. D.E. S. Group LTD.

privilegetrading / Bio Stars Advisors Inc.

solutionscapitals / Solution Capital Limited.

Solução Estratégica / Strategie Solution Ltd.

sunbirdfx / Sunbird Trading limited.

thrustmarkets / Thrust Markets.

tmarkets / T Markets.

tradaxa / Sisma Capital Limited.

trade-24 / Trade24 Global Ltd.

tradect / Investment House Limited.

traderplace / Trader Place.

tradmaker / Trading Technologies Limited.

trader 369 / IP Serviço Internacional - AJ Browder.

Triomphecapital / Triomphe Capital.

ubtforex / UBT Forex Ltd.

utcinvest / UTC Invest.

Valtechfx / Valtechfx Global Solutions LTD.

versaillesfinances / Globstate Assets Holdings Limited.

youtradefx / Youtrade Capital Market Pty.

zarforex / RGV Media Ltd.

La liste noire des sites non autorisés à propriété des options binaires.

(mise à jour au 16 novembre 2017)

La liste noire des sites proposant d'investir dans des biens divers (diamantes, vins, etc.)

(mise à jour au 26 janvier 2018)

Navegação transversal.

Espaces dédiés Investigadores / Responsáveis ​​Emiteurs Sociétés de gestión RCSI / RCCI Journalistes Outils en ligne Extranet Docetine ONDE Extranet GECO Accès rapides MIF 2 Mises en garde Produits d'espargne agréés (GECO) Décisions et informations financières (BDIF) Archives des Décisions & amp; informações financières (BDIF) En plus. Formulários & amp; declamações FAQ Lexique Journal de bords do anoteur Twitter Abonnements & amp; fluxo RSS.

Outils et menciona légales.

Direção de publicação: Florence Gaubert, Direção da comunicação da AMF.

Contacto: Direção da comunicação, Autorité des marchés financiers - 17, place de la Bourse - 75082 Paris Cedex 02.

LISTE NOIRE DE L'AMF DES SITE FOREX & OPTIONS BINAIRES.

Consolidação de um forte aumento de proposições de investimentos no mercado de mudanças (FOREX) em empresas privadas, em França, e em autoridades de controlo prudente (ACP) .

Les lista noires de l'AMF.

Liste noire Forex de l'AMF et de l'ACP - 22 F & eacute; vrier 2018.

4xp / fr / Forex Place Limited.

admiralmarketsltd / Admiral Markets Global Solutions Ltd.

astonforex / Marketrade Ltd.

bancdeoptionsteam / Banc de Options.

Bancmarkets / Marketing Accounting Ltd.

bankinvestcapital / Ltd Global Gateway.

bclaysmarkets / Bclays Markets.

bforex / BFOREX Limited.

bloomcapitalmarkets / Original Markets LTD.

brokerandco / Sisma Capital Limited.

brokers500 / Market City Inter. SRL.

cfxmarkets / CFB International Ltd.

citybankcfd / City Bank CFD.

colbertcap / Colbert Capital.

consorfx / Trading Technologies Ltd.

cvcgroups / CVC Ltd.

edgecapitalfunds / EDGE CAPITAL FUNDO.

elyseescapital / Elysees Capital.

equity capital / Equity Capitals Ltd.

expertdania-investissement / Expert Dania Investissement Ltd.

eurobondfx / Eurobond Ltd.

euromaxfinance / Euromax Finance Limited.

feeltrade / JBC-PRO Limited Corretora Internacional.

finanzasforex / Evolution Market Group Inc.

finchmarkets / Finch Markets.

fm-fx / FM Marketing Ltd.

forextradition / Forex Tradition.

ftradição / G. M.E. Ltd.

fxandco / Globe and co Ltd.

fxbtrade / AXA Assets Ltd.

fxcapitalbank / Capital Market Limited.

fxcast / Surplus Finance SA.

fxglcapital / Consomatrade Ltd.

fxntrade / Genus Group Ltd.

fxsep / Sep Global Limited.

gainy / fr / Gainsy Forex broker Empresa.

gcitrading / GCI Financial Limited.

gfssecurities / GFS Securities Ltd.

globuscapitallimited / Globus Capital Associates Limited.

gmtinvesting / Agles Limited.

gninvest-ag / Gninvest AG.

gss-fi. eu/ GSS Financial.

haussman-invest / Haussman Invest.

hcifund / Axa Assets Limited.

ia-patrimoine / IAP Ltd.

ibcfx / IBC Capital Ltd.

icmarkets / International Capital Markets PTY Ltd.

icmtrading / iTrade Captal Markets Ltd.

ifx4u / O Oklycapital Limited.

ihforex / Investment House International.

ikkotrader / IP Serviço Internacional.

imcbroker / Nordane Group Ltd.

Instaforex / InstaForex Companies Group.

integralbroker / IB International Ltd.

investcapitalmarkets / ICM Worldwide Ltd.

Investir-seguro-internacional / Investing Secure International Ltd.

Investocopy / Investocopy Ltd.

istockcapital / Certatus Limited.

itcfx / Investment Formula Corporation.

itnfx / International Traders Network FX.

jbc-pro / JBC Pro Limited.

justrader / MT Capital Partners.

kd-markets / Globstate Ativos Holdings Ltd.

Ksftrade / Marshall Inovação Avançada LTD e Joshua Consulting LTD.

lambergkapital / Original Markets Ltd.

londonbcapital / Londres B Capital.

marketct / Market CT.

metatrada / Meta Trada.

Mhoptions / Morgan & Hilt.

Motionforex / Motion Forex Ltd.

mrtmarkets / MRT Technology Limited.

mt4invest / MT4 Invest.

corretor mútuo / corretor mútuo.

netcfd / Centaure Capital Partners Ltd.

Netotrade / Neto Trade Global Investment.

newtradefx / Financial Strategy Holdings.

obroker / Landkey Enterprises Inc.

oxfordmarkets / Oxford Markets.

primefms / B. D.E. S. Group LTD.

privilegetrading / Bio Stars Advisors Inc.

solutionscapitals / Solution Capital Limited.

Solução Estratégica / Strategie Solution Ltd.

sunbirdfx / Sunbird Trading limited.

thrustmarkets / Thrust Markets.

tmarkets / T Markets.

tradaxa / Sisma Capital Limited.

trade-24 / Trade24 Global Ltd.

tradect / Investment House Limited.

traderplace / Trader Place.

tradmaker / Trading Technologies Limited.

trader 369 / IP Serviço Internacional - AJ Browder.

Triomphecapital / Triomphe Capital.

ubtforex / UBT Forex Ltd.

utcinvest / UTC Invest.

Valtechfx / Valtechfx Global Solutions LTD.

versaillesfinances / Globstate Assets Holdings Limited.

youtradefx / Youtrade Capital Market Pty.

zarforex / RGV Media Ltd.

En conséquence, les deux autorités recommandent aux investisseurs de ne pas donner suite aux sollicitations émanant de ces sites et de ne pas les relayer auprès de tiers, sous quelque forme que ce soit.

Avant de s'engager, les particuliers doivent s’assurer que l’intermédiaire qui propos ou conseille ces investissements figure bien sur les listes des prestataires habilités à fournir des services d'investissement en França en consultant le site du Regafi.

Liste noire Opções Binaires de l'AMF - 22 F & eacute; vrier 2018.

- not notment isté retirés les sites qui ont cessé toute activité sur le territoire français, suite au precédient communiqué.

En conséquence, l'Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF) recommande aux investisseurs de ne pas donner suite aux sollicitations émanant de ces sites et de ne pas relayer auprès de tiers, sous quelque forme que ce soit.

Avant de s'engager, les particuliers doivent s’assurer que l’intermédiaire qui propos ou conseille ces investissements figure bien sur les listes des prestataires habilités à fournir des services d'investissement en França en consultant le site du Regafi.

Herzlich Willkommen auf Betrugstest.

Welche Binäre Optionen Broker sind seriös und wo müssen Trader aufpassen? Você também pode baixar Frage wir a Betrugstest nach. Wir haben die populärsten Anbieter ganz genau unter die Lupe genommen.

Mittlerweile comeu wir unser Angebot aber auch noch ausgebaut und um folgende Anbieterkategorien erweitert:

Você está aqui: Home Línguas Entrar na Epistemonikos Email: Casinospielen auch einen Vergleich erstellt:

Wähle jetzt eine Kategorie of oder informations dich zu dem Testverfahren auf Betrugstest. Você está aqui: Endereço de e-mail:

Das findest du auf Betrugstest.

Das macht Betrugstest aus.

Serie Anbieter im Test.

Os melhores jogos on-line para CFD, Forex, e Binários Opções corretoras, jogos de casino, Sportwetten, Poker e Amizade, com o melhor e mais visível AGB, um jogo de cartas de Datenschutzbestimmungen bereit. Außerdem müssen die Ein - und Auszahlungsmodalitäten gut gelöst sein, damit alle Prozesse reibungslos ablaufen. Daraufen wir in unseren Vergleichen und Testbichten der jeweiligen Kategorien geachtet.

Schwierige Wahl bei Binäre Opções Brokern.

Corretor de Opções de Compra de Corretores. Immer neue Anbieter kommen auf den Markt und machen teils verlockende Angebote. Doch nicht alle Broker werden seriös kontrolliert und reguliert. Innerhalb der Branche gibt es viele schwarze Schafe, die entweder mit unfairen Konditionen, versteckten Kosten oder zwielichtigen Auszahlungsmodalitäten nur a Geld der Trader aus sind.

Vor Anmeldung und Einzahlung müssen sich interessierte Trader gründlich über die Angebote der Binäre Opções Broker information und sie kritisch miteinander vergleichen. Sind sie sic sicher, dass es sich bei einem Anbieter nichtum Betrug handelt müssen sie prüfen, ob die diebebenenen Konditionen zum persönlichen Trading-Verhalten passen. Eine schwere Aufgabe, die viel Zeit kostet. betrusgtest hat sich Opções binárias Broker ganz genau angesehen und auch die Hintergründe des Unternehmens ins Auge gefasst. Mithilfe der Testberichte können Sie als Trader von unseren Oportunidades de lucro e descoberta das ações para o próximo passo Angebot.

Hintergrund: Então testet Betrugstest.

Ein kleines Team von erfahrenen Tradern, die sich in den letzten Jahren ausgiebig mit Binären Opções não encontradas e / ou protegidas em todo o mundo. Dabei werden einige Aspekte besonders in Auge gefasst und anschließend in Binäre Optionen Broker Vergleich gegenübergestellt.

Prüfung auf Seriosität.

Hauptaspekt unseres Betrugstests ist der Unternehmenscheck. Dazu wird eine kürze Historie geliefert, in der sowohl Enthehung des Brokers as a Hauptsitz beachtet werden. Im Rahmen der Regulierung des jeweiligen Brokers kann eine erste Aussage getroffen werden, an der Anbieter seriös ist oder eher gemieden werden wollte. Informações sobre a informação contida no site da Kundengelder. Sie sollten a unterschiedlichen Konten verwahrt werden. Im Fall einer Insolvenz des Brokers é o nome da empresa que está a negociar.

Teil der Seriositätsprüfung ist darüber hinaus die Beleuchtung der Prämien und Boni. Die meisten Broker gewähren einen Einzahlungsbonus, der teils para zu 100 Prozent beträgt. Então lobblé und fair diese Gutschriften auch erscheinen, nicht alle Angebote sind wirklich seriös. Em um Binäre Optionen Broker Test, você pode encontrar um Bonusbedingungen genau um und zeigen auf, foi encontrado em um dos mais recentes Auszahlung des Bonusbetrags beantragen zu können.

Ebenfalls interessant sind die Ein - und Auszahlungsmodalitäten. Hinsichtlich der Überweisungen vom Corretor-Konto auf den einen Bankaccount nutzen wir sowohl unsere eigenen Erfahrungen als auch Hinweise de dem World Wide Web. Nur Anbieter, die gewissenhaft innerhalb kurzer Am Ende steht eine Einschätzung: ist der jeweilige Binäre Optionen Broker O que é isso? Interessierte bedenkenlos anmelden?

Konditionen - und Leistungsvergleich.

Entscheidend ist bei der individuellen O brokerwahl außerdem das Gesamtangebot. Hier untersuchen wir die Broker gleich auf mehrere Kriterien. Wichtig ist anderem die genutzte Handelsplattform. Você deve estar ciente das necessidades e das necessidades de Nutzerfreundlichkeit bieten. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Aspekt ist der Kundenservice. Apoie-se no sentido de que o Kunden nach Möglichkeit auf Deutsch gewährleistet sein. Kontaktmöglichkeiten por e-mail, chat ao vivo e Telefon estão em Regel gegeben. Die Mitarbeiter, hinter dem Broker, müssen über Erfahrung und Fachwissen verfügen.

Para a empresa Binäre Optionen Broker Vergleich é uma das mais importantes empresas do setor. Diese beinhalten die Mindesteinzahlung e die Zahl handelbarer Werte. Im Fokus steht darüber hinaus die gebotene Maximalrendite auf klassische und außergewöhnliche Opções. Isso é 93 Prozent sind marktüblich. Einige Broker verlassen sich aber auf die Gutgläubigkeit ihrer Kundinnen und Kunden und offerieren lediglich Gewinnchancen bei etwa 80 Prozent.

Em der Gesamtbetrachtung und vom eigenen Em Anspruch des Brokers está mais à venda, por favor veja em Zielgruppe de jeweilige Angebot besonders geeignet ist. Gerade Einsteiger sollten keinen Corretor de imóveis, casas de férias Não é permitido comprar Casas de férias e lojas de departamentos. Para obter mais informações, consulte o site da Neulinge.

Vorsicht vor schwarzen Schafen!

Para começar, experimente o Trader schlechte Erfahrungen mit Brokern sammeln. Sie erkundigen sich vor der Anmeldung nicht ausreichendüber ihren Anbieter, zahlen dort O nível de energia e a quantidade de Gewinnfall keine Auszahlung. Você também pode gostar Kundenservice sind dazu keine Mitarbeiter zu erreichen. Dieses Geschäftsverhalten ist Betrug und muss eingedämmt werden. Präventionsmaßnahme Nummer 1 ist die Aufklärung über Betrugstest. Werden Sie aktiv und finden Você está em Binäre Optionen Broker, dem Sie wirklich vertrauen können!

Auf der Suche nach éinem zuverlässigen Binäre Optionen Broker? Werfen Sie einen Blick auf unsere Vergleichsseite und lesen Você está em unsere Erfahrungsberichte ein. Assim, garantimos que você está interessado em fazer a sua própria compra e compra com a palavra-chave Trader beginnen!

O melhor de Broker für Aktien, Forex & amp; CFD.

Quando você está procurando por Forex ou CFDs, por favor, entre em contato conosco através do e-mail smerheren und zuverlässigen Partner. Die eingezahlten Einlagen sollen vor einer möglichen Insolvenz geschützt sein und auch die Auszahlungen im besten Queda reibungslos und einfach verlaufen. Um dado unterschiedlichen Broker detailliert und umfangreich unter die Lupe nehmen zu können, haben wir daher einen ganz einfachen 8-Punkte-Plan konzipiert, mit dem professionelle Broker schnell erkannt werden können. Im Vergleich der seriösen CFD-Broker não é o único, nem o mais novo, nem o mais vendido.

Wightig ist zum Beispiel die Transparent bei den Depot-Gebühren, schließlich soll der Handel so günstig wie möglich verlaufen. Wirklich gute Anbieter werden ihre Kosten und Gebühren daher immer flächendeckend auflisten und sich beispielweise so einem Vergleich der besten Forex Broker com os seus concorrentes. Sobre o assunto hinaus spielen aber natürlich auch die Börsenplätze e der außerbörsliche Handel eine wichtige Rolle. Je größer hier die Vielfalt, desto einfacher und unkomplizierter lässt sich der Handel vollziehen. Es spricht also klar für den Anbieter, wenn auch überregionale Märkte im Portfolio zu finden sind.

Ebenfalls im Sinne der Transparenz ist dabei ein sogenanntes Musterdepot, mit dem sich die Basiswerte und Grundeinstellungen des Brokers überprüfen lassen. Unerfahrene Trader können sich kostenlos erste Eindrücke verschaffen, erfahrene Händler können hingegen ish Handelsstrategien optimieren. O que há de melhor e mais importante? Kriterium, ob ein derartiges Musterdepot im Vergleich der besten Aktiendepots eröffnet werden kann. Hilfreich können gerade für die unerfahrenen Trader aber auch mögliche Anlageempfehlungen des Brokers sein. Este é o nome do Einstieg und geben im besten Falle auch noch in weiteren Verlauf Möglichkeiten zur Weiterbildung.

Möglichst ohne sprachliche Barrieren handeln.

Ebenfalls Teil unerer Überprüfung ist die Kontrolle der Webseite e Sprache. Deutsche Trader sollten natürlich im Optimalfall auch die Webseite in ihrer Muttersprache vorfinden. Gleichzeitig spricht es klar für den Broker, wenn die Webseite transparent e leicht zu bedienen ist. Como sempre, você pode ver mais detalhes. Insbesondere dann, with a die Verrechnung der eigenen Gelder geht. Vorbildliche Broker verzichten auf ein reguläres Girokonto und nutzen stattdessen ein Tagesgeldkonto mit Verzinsung. Zusätzlich ist darauf zu achten, dass der Verrechnungskonto schnell eröffnet werden kann und leicht zu bedienen ist.

Wer zusätzlichen Wert auf Alternativa Anlagemöglichkeiten legt, sollte die Augen auch danach offen halten. Viele Investoren bevorzugen zum Beispiel Fonds, die aber nicht bei jedem Broker zu finden sind. Wichtig sind in diesem Zusammenhang auch mögliche Aufschläge und Gebühren beim O Fondshandel, denn die sind nicht unüblich. Em caso de falha, o 8-Punkte-Plan deve aber a die mögliche Depotkündigung oder ein Depotübertrag untersucht. Em beiden Fällen, você deve ter todas as suas necessidades e informações.

Wurde der passende Corretor de seguros, não verificado Vergleich gefunden, kann der Handel der Regel sofort starten. Dank unerer umfangreichen Testes ist dabei immer größte Transparenz garantiert, denn alle Stärken und Schwächen der Broker werden gnadenlos aufgedeckt.

Welcher Wettanbieter ist der beste & amp; sicherste?

Um den besten e sichersten Wettanbieter ausfindig zu machen, müssen mehrer Kriterien untersucht werden. Wir von Betrugstest haben diese Aufgabe erledigt und dabei insbesondere in a die Seriosität und Sicherheit geachtet. Hierbei spielen in erster Linie die Sportwetten Lizenzen eine wichtige Rolle, denn ohne die geht es nicht. Kein Wettanbieter darf sein Veja também o site oficial da Lizenzierung vertreiben. Bevor ein Köft wöder wird, sollten die Lizenzierungen und Regulierungen des Anbieters genauestens unter die Lupe genommen werden. Você também pode gostar de Fußballvereinen oder anderen Klubs erhöhen die Glaubwürdigkeit. Zusätzlich ist a und Hintergrund und die Tradição zu achten. Alteingesessene Vertreter bieten natürlich generell sön einmal eine größere Sicherheit, também junge Buchmacher.

Zusätzlich fließt natürlich auch das Wettangebot in die Bewertung mit ein. Die Auswahl sollte hier ésprechend sein und dementsprechend mehrere Sportarten aufbieten. Längst zur Grundausstätungung gehört dabei auch ein Livewetten-Bereich, in dem die Veranstaltungen auch nach dem Startpfiff noch verfolgt und getippt werden können.

Bónus Sportwetten: Es darf ruhig mehr sein.

Für viele Tipper ist der wägerigste Kritikpunkt bei der Wahl des Wettanbieters der Sportwetten Bonus. Dieser sollte natürlich in erster Linie attraktiv und lukrativ sein, schließlich soll dich damit auch etwas anfangen lassen. O Gleichzeitig spielen hierbe aber auch ee Faktoren eine Rolle, ou seja, allem sollte der Neukundenbonus fair sein. Tausende Euro é um bom exemplo de bonificações, com a ajuda de um bônus Bonusbedingungen zu streng formuliert sind. Unmögliche Auszahlungsbedingungen etwa sprechen nicht für einen guten und seriösen Anbieter.

Gute Indizien bezüglich der Arbeitsweise eines Ainda é aconselhável encontrar um suporte técnico. Hierbei handelt es in vielen Fällen um ein Abild des gesamten Betriebs, so dans ein Kontakt mit den Mitarbeitern einige interessante Informações e traduções Tageslicht fördern kann. Wichtig são hierarquizados para todos os Erreichbarkeit e Qualität der Beratung. Im besten Fall steht der Support é uma das melhores ferramentas disponíveis para você. O que você está procurando é uma tradução automática ou "Interessado."

Zahlungsabwicklungen: Schnell ans eigene Geld?

Eine übergeordnete Rolle spielen beed der Bewertung eines Buchmachers die Zahlungsabwicklungen. Die Transaktionen sollten natürlich in erster Linie sicher sein und keine Angriffsfläche für Unbefugte bieten. Zusätzlich verzichtet der Anbieter im Optimalfall auf Gebühren für die Ein - und Auszahlungen. Klare Pluspunkte insere em unseren Testes natürlich für die schnelle und unkomplizierte Abwicklung. Você pode encontrar informações sobre o item que você está procurando, ou sobre isso, por favor, entre em contato com o Bewertung des Anbieters aus.

Zusätzlich sollten auch immer die möglichen Zusatzangebote unter die Lupe genommen werden, denn genau durch die setzt das Unternehmen oftmals die individuellen Akzente. Sobre o autor: Live-Streams, Jogos de azar ao vivo, jogar ao vivo. Você também pode gostar Cash-Out-Funktion sehr beliebt, mit denen sich die eigenen Wetten noch vor dem Ende der regulären Spielzeit auswerten lassen.

O melhor Casino Online é encontrado.

Das Spiel gibt es schon é lange es Menschen gibt. Und genau so wird beim Spielen auch schon betrogen. Não se sabe o que está acontecendo Tatsache vermutlich niemals, dennoch lassen sich die Entre o Casino Online Markt aber schnell und bequem umgehen. Unser Casino Ver artigo principal da revista Aufschluss, denn es würden bekannten und weniger bekannten Membro do Conselho de Arbitragem da União Europeia da Lupe genommen und hinsichtlich ihrer É a entidade responsável pela sua experiência de Angebotes miteinander verglichen. Mögliche Stärken und Schwächen werden também schonungslos aufgedeckt.

Hierfür ist es natürlich in erster Linie wichtig, die Seriosität auf den Prüfstand zu stellen. Besitzt das Casino gültige Lizenzen? Em wie samambaia existem as Lizenzen auch im eigenen Land wertig? Zahlreiche Fragen müssen beantwortet werde, weu wir euch hier die Arbeit abnehmen. Você também pode se registrar sob consulta no site da Benutzerfreundlichkeit der Software, ou seja, em Spielvergnügen entsteht nur bei reibungslosen Abläufen.

Bonus Mais Justo? Gute Auswahl?

Der Neukundenbonus spielt natürlich ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Dieser sollte fair sein e sich ohne Probleme nutzen lassen. Sind die Anforderungen zu hart, söllte lieber ein anderes Angebot gewählt werden. Auswahl gibt es is a genug und auch die Beträge können sich sehen lassen: 1.000 Euro Para mais informações, visite o nosso site. Von größtem Interesse ist zudem die Breite im Portfólio, denn nicht jeder Spieler möchte Tag para Tag die gleichen Games zocken. Também é importante para você, que deve ser regido por um novo jogo. Die Qualität allerdings sollte dabei nicht aus den Augen verloren werden.

Em keinem detaillierten Test dürfen die Kontroller de Kundensupports und der Zahlungsmethoden fehlen. Beim Kundensupport ist vor allem eine gute und lückenlose Erreichbarkeit gefragt. Das Zahlungsportfolio sollte ohne Gebühren auskommen und sichere Zahlungsabwicklungen ermöglichen.

Pôquer Online e jogos em tempo real.

O Faszination Poker já está disponível no Betrugstest. Aus diesem Grund haben wir die größten und bekanntesten Pokerräume getestet und hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit und Seriosität untersucht. Você deve enviar os seus comentários sobre Faktoren eine warsige Rolle, então torne a sua revisão Transparenz durch die Testberichte garantiert wird. Background-Check, Abfragen der Lizenzen und Regulierungen, Überprüfungen des Supports und des Angebots - todos os direitos reservados e actualizados em momentos difíceis Ver Poker of bests Online Poker-Anbieter veröffentlicht. Gleichzeitig können die unterschiedlichen Anbieter auch ganz bequem miteinander verglichen werden, so dass in sekundenschnelle das melhores Angebot gefunden wird.

Die Top-Anbieter für Skillgames no teste.

Os Skillgames são os seguintes: Noções básicas sobre futebol, veja o que está escrito sobre o jogo dos Spielers an. Por favor, especifique Spieler auf das Angebot eines „Schwarzen Schafs“ A seguir, kann, haben wir zahlreiche Anbieter der Branche geprüft. Dabei wurden zum Beispiel die Seriosität und Lizenzen, do Kundensupport, da Carteira de Transporte, die Zahlungsmethoden, die Benutzerfreundlichkeit und das Bonusangebot durchleuchtet. Schnell die Top-Anbieter für Skillgames para encontrar, também é um problema para o problema.

Todos os corretores de Forex em Blick.

A Deutsche Forex Broker está unida à Zweigniederlassungen und the Unternehmen hat meist seinen Geschäftssitz im Ausland.

Já esteve na Vorteile, como é o próximo e mais importante Qualität eines Forex Broker? Como você está negociando Forex Brokern com a Regulamentação de um banco de dados da Sicherheit, a Tatsache, o Sich einen deutschen, o Forex Broker zu suchen? Diese Fragen beinhalten Fakten, die Ihnen bestimmt schon einmal in den Sinn gekommen, that is to them with the Forex Forex Handel beschäftigt haben?

Sie als Trader lucro deutschen Forex Brokern, dennü die die deutsche Zweigniederlassung unterliegt die Regulierung der Bafin; Der Bundesanstalt für Finanzaufsicht. Die Einlagensicherung bietet den nötigen Schutz für das investierte eigene Kapital im entsprechenden Umfang.

Hingegen können Sie sich auch bei ausländischen Forex Brokern, deve, portanto, ser regulado internamente pela UE anbieten. Diese Fakten sichern Ihnen zunächst die gute Regulamentação da Geschäfte, jedoch bekommen Sie bei deutschen Zeigniederlassungen immer einen guten Service für sich als Kunden. Wichtige Unternehmen mit deutscher Classificação de utilizadores da Zweigniederungen Sie im folgenden Überblick.

Ein wichtiger Anbieter para Forex Trading FXFlat.

Einer der wenigen deutschen Forex Broker é um FXFlat. Este processo não está disponível no momento, caso haja informações do usuário e informações sobre o assunto. FXFlat ist Teil der in Ratingen bei Düsseldorf beheimateten Vermögensverwaltung von Heyder Krüger & amp; Kollegen O serviço é gratuito para o Serviço de Transferência de Mercadorias e Negociação. Forex Broker, der jedem O programa está sujeito a alterações e a confirmação do programa é Ausbildung verhilft. Você está interessado em Coaching e Webinare no Angebot, die man als Características bei dieser Plattform nutzen kann. Você pode obter mais facilmente sobre a transparência de recursos e características, como a plataforma de negociação de FXFlat.

Kostenloses Demo Konto zum üben, viele wichtige Informações e conteúdo não são mais do que um comentário Handel sicher heran geführt. Hier können Sie verschiedene Manual de produtos Forex, CFD Handeln, binäre Optionen und Devisen. FXFlat bietet Ien enge Spreads und weitere gute Fakten, die wirklich auch für Neulinge geeignet sind.

Markets ein weiterer Anbieter mit hohem Bekanntheitsgrad.

Auf der Suche nach dem richtigen A Broker ist Markets eine gute Adresse mit einer Zweigniederlassung in Frankfurt am Main. Este anúncio não está disponível se houver, mas este não é o nome da moeda. Forex Broker hat sich bei vielen Trader einen guten Nenhum comentário. Markets ist für den CFD e Forex Handel prädestiniert. Bereits mit einer Mindesteinlage von 100 Euro können Sie hier Ihren Handel beginnen und diese Plataform zeichnet sich durch ihre kundenfreundliche Übersicht aus.

Durch die Niederlassung in Frankfurt também está em Vorteile à Sicherheit. Unsere Markets Fundamentação da regulamentação do sector da produção e da produção de produtos alimentares da Europa. Dieses Unternehmen ist auch bei den binären Opções de seleção de marcas e de modo que eles são usados ​​em um banco de dados de um banco de dados, o Ihnen viel Gewinn verspricht.

GKFX Financial Services Ltd. com Wurzeln em Londres.

O GKFX pode ser consultado em Frankfurt am Main, Alemanha, Alemanha, Alemanha, Alemanha e Alemanha. Aqui está a lista de empresas que estão à procura de um comerciante e comerciante de empresas ao mesmo autor e de terceiros Fokussierung profitieren. Der Kunden Support wird em deutscher Sprache geführt und die Página da web ist sehr übersichtlich. A Eine Plataform sich é o seguinte, mas é o que você precisa para fazer CFD Handel, Forex Handels e binários.

Zudem bietet dieser Forex Broker seinen Kunden einen Bónus bei Kontoeröffnung und das ermöglicht Eu ainda não foi contratado. Para ver os resultados, responda-nos. Die gute Sicherung der Einlagen ist ein wirklichüberzeugendes Argument für GKFX Financial Services and a finden Sie viele Features, die Ihnen den Einstieg in den Handel erleichtern. Außerdem sind Ihre Einlagen bis 50,000 british Pfund in einem beispiellos guten Umfang gesichert.

AvaTrade mit europäischem Firmensitz em Dublin.

Hier bei AvaTrade haben Sie nicht ein typisch deutsch Unternehmen, aber eine Broker der deutsche Niederlassungen hat und sich bei der Regulierung an europäisches Recht halten muss. Die irische Finanzaufsicht CBI é responsável pela Regulamentação da Alemanha, Bärk. AvaTrade bietet aber als sehr großes Broker Unternehmen viele wichtige De acordo com Trader Neuling. Você também pode gostar de 100 Euro. Zudem bietet dieses Unternehmen einen sehr lukrativen Bónus als Geschenk zur Begrüßung. O que você disse agora é sobre Avatrade Erfahrungen in diesem Artikel.

Varengold FX em Hamburgo.

Varengold ist in Unternehmen, dass seinen Sitz in Hamburg hat. O banco está em Varengold, o banco é Forex e o seu banco de investimentos e corretor se encontram em 2000. Varengold hat einen sehr übersichtlichen Forex Handel mit 42 Währungspaaren und dieser Broker é um fabricante e fornecedor de STP-Modell als Handelskonto. Diese Möglichkeit ist einzigartig, denn hierden die die Forex-Aufträge direkt a einen Pool der Liquidität weiter geleitet, denn führende Bank anbieten. Hier können Sie als Comerciante immer auf die besten Konditionen hoffen. Varengold FX bietet zudem den den MetaTrader 4 também pertence à categoria Adicionar aos Favoritos e à Outros anúncios.

Interessantes são os seguintes: Spreads und morre Unternehmen ist typisch deutsch und gilt als wirig wichtig für den Markt, denn dieses Unternehmen hat beim Forex Handel schon Tradição.

XM als corretor de Forex mit deutscher Firmenniederlassung.

Als Forex Broker ist XM Você está aqui: Todos os idiomas para os nossos clientes Corretor de seguros, Corretor on-line Assinatura online, venda de Firmensitz auf Zypern hat. Das Unternehmen ist als deutsche Niederlassung bei der Bafin regisert und unterliegt mit seinen Handelsaktivitäten der Regulierung deutschem Recht. XM Forex Broker agieren mit einem deutschsprachigen Serviço ao cliente, é aconselhável procurar um comerciante. Você pode entrar em contato através do bate-papo ao vivo para obter mais informações sobre o Forex Producten sicher zum Ziel. Hier ist die richtige Adresse für den Kleinanleger, denn bei XM können Sie bereits mit 5 Euro einstiegen.

Sie als etwaiger Neukunde bekommen zudem einen Bónus de todos os tipos de moeda Forex Konto und so können Sie von einigen wichtigen Diferenciados Broker profitieren. Hier können Sie wichtige Indises handeln. Você já deve ter optado por isso, CFD oder Devisen. XM hat sehr enge Spreads und as gehört zu den Markenzeichen dieses zuverlässigen Forex Broker.

Você também pode gostar de comprar Forex Broker in der Übersicht und die Anzahl dieser Angebote nimmt zu. O direito de importação e a gestão de direitos de autor e de direitos de importação e de direitos de importação e de direitos de emissão devem ser respeitados, a partir de então, e de acordo com a legislação aplicável. Instituição diesen Handel regulieren. Deutsche Niederlassungen bilden die Base de dados deutschen Broker de Forex, die aber trotzdem meist de Firmensitz im Ausland haben.

Os sindicatos são votados e confirmados com a ajuda de um funcionário do conselho de administração e corretores com a Grundsätzen suchen. Sie werden von den aufgezeten Vorteilen profitieren und das bringt Ihnen die gewünschte Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit. Sie finden hier die richtigen Anbieter, bei denen Sie die Vorzüge der gesicherten Órgão regulador.

Durchstarten im Online Business.

Durchstarten im Online Business.

O Internet bietet existe em jedem Fall eine tolle Möglichkeit, um den schweren Weg in die Selbstständigkeit zu wagen. Foi em jedem Queda de outono está sempre em vigor Existenzgründung eine vernünftige Idem, die auch gut durchgerechnet sein muss.

Em jedem Queda, Möglichkeiten im Web nahezu unbegrenzt, Vorbilder können wie zum Beispiel die Facebook Gründer sein, die es in wenigen Jahren geschafft haben zum A Milliardär zu werden. Você não pode deixar de ir, então é importante que você tenha uma idéia do que está acontecendo na web. Você também pode gostar Thema man auch starten möchte, sollte die Idee mit der man online Para ver mais, clique em qualquer link abaixo. Viele Menschen gehen hier ziemlich gedankenlos vor, man sollte sich schon Ainda és o Augen setzen und die Rentabilität der Unternehmung hervorragend durch rechnen. Na Internet, você pode encontrar-se em Alltag, mas este é o nome que você pode fazer para que você possa escolher o que deseja ou não. Das online Lojas noch nicht aus der Mode, zeigt momentan der Elektronikanbieter Media-Markt. Dieser hat is a kirzem on a shop on the store on the site on the store on Erfolg. Der Erfolg in jedem Fall of themals auch von guten Werbekampagnen abhängig, wer im Internet langfristig Erfolg haben möchte, sollte in jedem Fall einen vernünftigen Marketingplan entwickeln. Foi sich em jedem Fall für Neulinge eignet, sind Kampagnen Über Partnerprogramme diese bieten em jedem Fall eine gute und sichhere Grundlage. Leider eignen sich nicht für Jede Unternehmung das schalten von Werbeanzeigen über Partnerprogramme.

Alternativen zu Kreditkarten.

Naturlich gibt es neben Kreditkarten auch jede Menge alternative Zahlungsformen, die für dieselben Zwecke eingesetzt werden können. Viele Menschen setzen gerade a diesem Punkt auf Zahlungsformen alternativo, die Möglichkeiten sind in jedem Fall gegeben.

Einkaufen mit Prepaid Codes.

Im Internet kann oftmals com verschiedenen Pré-pago códigos eingekauft werden, die Bezahlung läuft in der Regel vollkommen anonym ab. Man kauft einmalig einen Gutschein ein der dän in gewissen Lojas eingelöst werden kann, leider bieten eben nicht alle Internetshops diese bezahl Methoden an. Allerdings ist die Tendenz in jedem Fall steigend, gerade weil Zahlungsform für misstrauische Leute geeignet ist, diese suchen in der Regel dann zum Einkauf Paysafecard Lojas auf um ihre Waren zu besorgen, dies ist in der Regel digitaler A partir deste momento, você pode encontrar o método a seguir.

Zahlungen auf Guthabenbasis.

Neuartige Zahlungsvorgängen sind in jedem Fall auch anonima Kreditkarten, diese können neuerdings als Visa Card zum Gebrauch auf Guthabenbasis eingekauft werden, man kauft diese Karten und verbraucht den darauf bestehenden Betrag, anschließend kann man die Karten bequem entsorgen und hat somit keinerlei monatliche Os gebühren morrem mais tarde. Eine weitere Formulário de pesquisa na Internet Para obter mais informações através do Telemóvel, você também pode aceder à Internet e ler os Termos de utilização online e em todo o site Para obter mais informações, consulte o link para obter mais informações. Die Bezahlung ist natürlich äußerst bequem und bietet dem Benutzer in jedem Adicionar ao carrinho - Komfort, auch für Jugendliche werden diese Bezahlungsformen stets beliebter. Auch das Thema Kostenkontrolle bei Bezahlung mit einem Mobiltelefon in Grenzen, da die meisten Menschen auf wie Prepaidkarten setzen são ordenados por Bezahlung in der Regel Kosten begrenzt.

Alles aktuelle zum deutschen binärbroker.

O que se passou foi o hinter dem Binärbroker BDSwiss?

BDSwiss is a e binäre Optionen Broker, die is Jahr gegründet wurde 2010. Este é um comprador em Zypern, und es wird angenommen, dass ein absoluter Favorit bei jedem Händler zu sein, die mit ihnen arbeitet. O Broker é um dos seus serviços mais importantes e mais seguros O Händler Geben é um dos mais bem sucedidos do mundo. Opções Auf einer Plataformed, die gebunden ist an alla zu Hause fühlen.

Auch ist es eine der einfacheren Makler draußen. Não há nada a ver com o Königsal und Boni, den Raum zu vollstopfen. Dieses ist alles über den rohen Handel, und es scheint, mit ihm verdammt gut zu machen. Você pode encontrar um site com a ajuda de um site de busca, ou seja, o que você está procurando, ou seja, o que você está procurando, ou o que você está procurando.

Kontoarten, Boni und einzigartige Funktionen.

BDSwiss ist nicht eines dieser binären Opções Broker, die eine Tonne Boni bietet rechts von der Fledermaus. Es ist viel feiner als morre. Se você está procurando por um clube ou clube, então ele está pronto para começar, e deve ser preenchido com o nome do cliente que você pode encontrar no seu site.

Stattdessen Ermöglicht BDSwiss Erfahrungen für einen Händler die Vorteile von Aktionen und Bonusangebote zu genießen, die sich hin und wieder in regelmäßigen Abständen zur Verfügung. Diese unterscheiden sich in Inhalt, aber in der Regel sind Sie sehr nützlich, in der Tat wegen der Potenzia für höhere Renditen, die sie anbieten.

Eine typische binäre Optionen Broker bietet Händlern eine Reihe von verschiedenen Kontoarten, die typischerweise in abgestufter Form angeordnet sind. Dies bedeutet, dass, das Konto entsperrt, bezogen auf Menge des Geldes, dass der Händler zunächst abgeschieden. Anstatt ein Anfänger mit all morre verwirrend, bietet die Firma einfach nur eine Art von Konto.

Dieser kann de jedem geöffnet werden, morre para a Mindesteinzahlungsbetrag von $ 100 macht. D iste eine der niedrigsten Anzahlung Anforderungen, die wir jemals an Makler gesehen fragen Sie nach, Welche andere Sache ist der Makler hat sich für sie.

Sicherheit und Lizenzierung.

Wenn es eine Sache ist, dass für Händler an Broker aussehen sollte, ist es Ihre Lizenzierung. Wenn ein Broker von einer Behörde geregelt ist, wird er geht zu den höchsten Standards in der Industrie im Hinblick auf die Sicherheit Ihrer privaten Informationen und dass das Geld Sie in sie investieren zu halten.

Wenn auf die Sicherheit und die Lizenzierung von BDSwiss Überprüfung auf, wurden sie festgestellt, dass sie eine Lizenz mit CySEC, die Zypern Securities and Exchange Commission haben. Dies ist eines der bekanntesten in der gesamten Branche, und das bedeutet, Sie können von höchster Qualität von Service und Sicherheit gewährleistet werden.

Trading Platform Bewertung.

BDSwiss verwendet eine der besten Plattformen zur Handelsgemeinschaft bekannt. Dies ist die SpotOption Plattform. Es ist bekannt für seine Zuverlässigkeit und die Wertschätzung es fühlt sich sehr vertraut für die meisten Händler mit noch ein wenig Erfahrung zu verwenden.

Es gibt viele verschiedene Vermögenswerte vom Broker zur Verfügung gestellt, darunter 7 Rohstoffe, 36 Aktien, 14 Währungspaare und 20 Indizes. Dies ermöglicht eine viel Abwechslung Beim Handel. Handelsoptionen umfassen die klassischen High / Low-Optionen, 30 oder 60 Sekunden Trades, Paare, Langzeit, Leiter und One Touch. Es gibt einige einzigartige Features BDSwiss als auch, wie Double Up auf Trades und Prolongation, welche die Ablaufzeit eines Handels für eine kleine Prämie erhöhen.

Einlagen und Banking.

BDSwiss Ermöglicht für eine Reihe von verschiedenen Bank Methoden verwendet werden, um sowohl Ein - und Auszahlungen zu machen. Einige von ihnen gehören wichtigen Kredit - und Debitkarten, Banküberweisung, Western Union und Swift. Auszahlungen sind schnell und problemlos.

Insgesamt ist BDSwiss wahrscheinlich einer der fusselfrei Sites, die wir in einer Makler gesehen haben. Es ist keine schlechte Sache, da es eine ganz Stempel für seine Größe zu packen verwaltet. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie es heraus überprüfen, wenn der Suche nach irgendwo zu handeln!

Fit4Global Forex Research.

Riset Prediksi Trend Mata Uang Global dengan Mengkombinasikan Fundamental vs Teknikal, dalam satu kesatuan garis logika matematis yang berbasis Software Metatrader dan sejenisnya.

Forex menurut Hukum Islam.

Permalink here (line 411) Você pode enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de compra de forex, enviar um comentário ou enviar um pedido de compra para este item, ou enviar uma via de ajuda juga yang mengatakan boleh. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumber tentang forex itu sendiri (sedang untuk yang tidak membolehkan forex itu sendiri, silahkan search di Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya memberi wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riset ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logika dan ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental.

Forex dari Perspektif Islam.

Foto tirada do Islã do Ada de Yang do kehalalan do kahalalan perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islam? Apa Pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, negociação saham, índice de negociação, saham, dan komoditi? Apakah Hukum Forex Negociação Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islam? Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya.

Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada padamu,” sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat Abu Hurairah.

Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam is it is to be a man, is a tututan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya.

Karena itu, se você é um membro da equipe de governo que cuida de você, quer se esforçar para dizer o que pensa sobre você. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak jar-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Baik dalam Al Qur'an, sunnah maupun fatwa para sahabat, laranjan itu tidak ada.

Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat laranjan menjual barang yang belga ada, sebagaimana laranganagemapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. “Jurar atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar,” ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adatah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. A partir de agora você pode ver as imagens de outros membros da comunidade de turismo em Bhikan no.

Jadi, mesquita pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi – karena satu dan lain hal — tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah.

Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan - satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional.

Dalam persuadir hukum Islã, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (forex adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori almasa’il almu'ashirah atau masalah-masalah hukum islam kontemporer. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. O que você precisa saber é o que você está procurando, mas o que você está procurando neste wiki, mas você também pode entrar em contato conosco através do e-mail: nash hukum yang pasti.

Na maioria das vezes, masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, em primeiro lugar, o paradigma do al-nushush é qin inta wa wa wa-waqa'i la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran e Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Denik demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad.

Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahanhukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Eu gosto de beber, beber café berubah karena beber perbelhnya varlavel, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan ou paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-a'yan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; idéia de alam pamikiran atau alam.

Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl.

Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. O que há de novo, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islam dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melanui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas.

Realizando o empolamento de mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK.

Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elastisitas hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan dan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum Islã dapat dianalogikan dengan bay 'al-salam'ajl bi'ajil.

Bay'al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salá adalah baía 'ajl bi'ajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang é sinônimo de sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ra's al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafi'īyah e Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: “Akad atas komoditas jual beli yang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (ojjjjjj) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad”.

Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun e syarat sebagai berikut:

a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Não disponível em:

Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi ('aqid) yang disebut dengan istilah muçulmano atau muçulmano ilaih. Objek transaksi (ma'qud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka e harga tukar (ra 'al-mal al-salam dan al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat "aqad"), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang peruk diperhatikan dari unsur unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafi'iyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa 'aqd al-salam adalah bay' al-ma'dum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan Beli (comprar).

Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transaksi haru memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (um yakun fi jinsin ma'lumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persa, a, haruna, mergulho, ou, harga, tukar (al-tsaman), adalah, Pertama, kejeling, jenis, alat tukar, yaitu, dirham, dinar, rupiah, atau, dolar, dsb, atau, barang-barang, yang, dapat, ditimbang, disukat, dsb Kedua, kejelasan, jenis, alat, tukar, apakah, rupiah, dolar, Amerika, dolar, Cingapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk quilograma, lagoa, dst. Você está procurando um lugar especial para se hospedar em apakah, onde você se instalará em baikang sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas diteapkan dengan maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al'aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Ainda assim, é preciso que os homens persuadidos de antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Como resultado, você pode usar o filtro de tela como membro PBK. Kalaupun dalam, pelaksanaannya, masih ada pihak-pihak yang, merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, yang ada, maka dapatlah digunakan kaidah hukum atau maxim legal yang berbunyi: ma la yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. O que você está procurando é uma pesquisa semiológica, mas você pode obter informações detalhadas em inglês.

Denik demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batas-batas tertentu boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat dan jiwa norma hukum Islã, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay 'al-salam.

1. The Basic Exchange Contracts.

Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islâmicos sobre a visão de que moedas de diferentes países podem ser trocadas em uma base diferente da unidade, já que moedas de países diferentes são entidades distintas com valores ou valores intrínsecos diferentes e poder de compra. Também parece haver um acordo geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a visão de que a troca de moeda a termo não é permitida, ou seja, quando os direitos e obrigações de ambas as partes se referem a uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma considerável diferença de opinião entre os juristas quando os direitos de qualquer uma das partes, que é o mesmo que a obrigação da contraparte, são diferidos para uma data futura.

To elaborate, let us consider the example of two individuals A and B who belong to two different countries, India and US respectively. A intends to sell Indian rupees and buy U. S dollars. The converse is true for B. The rupee-dollar exchange rate agreed upon is 1:20 and the transaction involves buying and selling of $50. The first situation is that A makes a spot payment of Rs1000 to B and accepts payment of $50 from B. The transaction is settled on a spot basis from both ends. Such transactions are valid and Islamically permissible. There are no two opinions about the same. The second possibility is that settlement of the transaction from both ends is deferred to a future date, say after six months from now. This implies that both A and B would make and accept payment of Rs1000 or $50, as the case may be, after six months. The predominant view is that such a contract is not Islamically permissible. A minority view considers it permissible. The third scenario is that the transaction is partly settled from one end only. For example, A makes a payment of Rs1000 now to B in lieu of a promise by B to pay $50 to him after six months. Alternatively, A accepts $50 now from B and promises to pay Rs1000 to him after six months. There are diametrically opposite views on the permissibility of such contracts which amount to bai-salam in currencies. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of various arguments in support and against the permissibility of these basic contracts involving currencies. The first form of contracting involving exchange of countervalues on a spot basis is beyond any kind of controversy. Permissibility or otherwise of the second type of contract in which delivery of one of the countervalues is deferred to a future date, is generally discussed in the framework of riba prohibition. Accordingly we discuss this contract in detail in section 2 dealing with the issue of prohibition of riba. Permissibility of the third form of contract in which delivery of both the countervalues is deferred, is generally discussed within the framework of reducing risk and uncertainty or gharar involved in such contracts. This, therefore, is the central theme of section 3 which deals with the issue of gharar. Section 4 attempts a holistic view of the Sharia relates issues as also the economic significance of the basic forms of contracting in the currency market.

2. A questão da proibição de Riba.

A divergência de pontos de vista sobre a admissibilidade ou não de contratos de câmbio em moedas pode ser atribuída principalmente à questão da proibição da riba.

The need to eliminate riba in all forms of exchange contracts is of utmost importance. Riba in its Sharia context is generally defined2 as an unlawful gain derived from the quantitative inequality of the countervalues in any transaction purporting to effect the exchange of two or more species (anwa), which belong to the same genus (jins) and are governed by the same efficient cause (illa). Riba is generally classified into riba al-fadl (excess) and riba al-nasia (deferment) which denote an unlawful advantage by way of excess or deferment respectively. Prohibition of the former is achieved by a stipulation that the rate of exchange between the objects is unity and no gain is permissible to either party. The latter kind of riba is prohibited by disallowing deferred settlement and ensuring that the transaction is settled on the spot by both the parties. Another form of riba is called riba al-jahiliyya or pre-Islamic riba which surfaces when the lender asks the borrower on the maturity date if the latter would settle the debt or increase the same. Increase is accompanied by charging interest on the amount initially borrowed.

The prohibition of riba in the exchange of currencies belonging to different countries requires a process of analogy (qiyas). And in any such exercise involving analogy (qiyas), efficient cause (illa) plays an extremely important role. It is a common efficient cause (illa), which connects the object of the analogy with its subject, in the exercise of analogical reasoning. The appropriate efficient cause (illa) in case of exchange contracts has been variously defined by the major schools of Fiqh. This difference is reflected in the analogous reasoning for paper currencies belonging to different countries.

A question of considerable significance in the process of analogous reasoning relates to the comparison between paper currencies with gold and silver. In the early days of Islam, gold and silver performed all the functions of money (thaman). Currencies were made of gold and silver with a known intrinsic value (quantum of gold or silver contained in them). Tais moedas são descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitáveis ​​como principais meios de troca, representando uma grande quantidade de transações. Many other commodities, such as, various inferior metals also served as means of exchange, but with limited acceptability. These are described as fals in Fiqh literature. These are also known as thaman istalahi because of the fact that their acceptability stems not from their intrinsic worth, but due to the status accorded by the society during a particular period of time. The above two forms of currencies have been treated very differently by early Islamic jurists from the standpoint of permissibility of contracts involving them. The issue that needs to be resolved is whether the present age paper currencies fall under the former category or the latter. One view is that these should be treated at par with thaman haqiqi or gold and silver, since these serve as the principal means of exchange and unit of account like the latter. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. A troca de thaman haqiqi é conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transações em moedas de papel devem ser governadas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance).

2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views.

2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition.

The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Sell gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, date for date, salt for salt, in same quantities on the spot; and when the commodities are different, sell as it suits you, but on the spot.” Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba.

For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins); these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.

Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities; these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Além disso, estes não são nem maleáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established.

The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value . This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.

Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision? If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis.

2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf.

Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions.

Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia.

Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 “when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible…….. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition” (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf.

Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only; whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf.

Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya “anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold & silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia.

Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing & lending.

2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key ?

It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions.

It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. Não se pode dizer que estes possuam thamaniyya nos EUA, a menos que um cidadão americano possa usar rúpias indianas como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor. In most cases such a possibility is remote. Essa possibilidade também é uma função do mecanismo de taxa de câmbio em vigor, como a conversibilidade das rúpias indianas em dólares norte-americanos e a existência ou não de um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixa ou flutuante. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into $55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only $44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of $50.

Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: “In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price)” In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies.

A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7.

Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US; it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender.

Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman; or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country; or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract.

2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards.

So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties ? Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba.

We modify and rewrite the same example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)” The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity.

Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases $50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10.

3. A questão da liberdade de Gharar.

Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.

Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12.

An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13.

Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.

3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & Para a frente

Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is $50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and $50 respectively at the end of one month. O contrato é liquidado quando ambas as partes honram suas obrigações na data futura.

Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.

Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.

3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets.

Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.

It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation.

4. Resumo & amp; Conclusão.

Os mercados de moeda corrente de hoje são caracterizados por taxas de câmbio voláteis. Este fato deve ser levado em conta em qualquer análise dos três tipos básicos de contratos em que a base de distinção é a possibilidade de diferimento de obrigações para o futuro. Nós tentamos uma avaliação dessas formas de contratação em termos da necessidade esmagadora de eliminar qualquer possibilidade de riba, minimizar gharar, jahl e a possibilidade de especulação de um tipo semelhante aos jogos de azar. Num mercado volátil, os participantes estão expostos ao risco cambial e a racionalidade islâmica exige que esse risco seja minimizado no interesse da eficiência, se não for reduzido a zero.

It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.

At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays’ complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.

The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .

Notes & Referências.

1. Essas visões diversas se refletem nos trabalhos apresentados no Quarto Seminário Fiqh, organizado pela Academia Islâmica de Fiqh, na Índia, em 1991, que foram posteriormente publicados em Majalla Fiqh Islami, parte 4 pela Academia. A discussão sobre a proibição da riba baseia-se nesses pontos de vista.

2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16.

3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9.

4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25.

5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.

6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.

7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)” Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.

8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.

9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.

10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.

11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.

12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty.

Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah’s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: “Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time”.

It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother’s womb.

13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.

The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviamente, era um puro jogo de azar.

14. The holy prophet is reported to have said ” Do not sell what is not with you”

Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: “He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it.” Ibn Abbas said: “I think it applies to all other things as well”.

15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.

16. M Hashim Kamali “Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996.

Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India.

FOREX DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM.

بســـــــم الله الرحمن الرحيـــــــم.

Dalam Bukunya Prof Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH; Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam.

Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan / komoditi antar negara yang bersifat saudadesionalional. Perdigangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan to bei kaanai uang yang masing masing-masing-masing-masing-to-masi-diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGAN NILAI MATA UANG também.

Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat nacionalional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara denan lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Por favor, observe que você pode fazer sua reserva em todos os dias. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai.

HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS.

1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: & # 8212; & gt; Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima.

Penjual menyerahkan barang e pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat)

2. Memanuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu:

Clique aqui para ver a próxima página Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan.

Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama .

لاتشترواالسمك فیالماءفاءنه غرد.

& # 8220; Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam ar, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian eua mengandung penipuan & # 8221 ;. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal e Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas & # 8217; ud)

Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar , artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Você já está em Rio de Janeiro Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni de Abu Hurairah:

من سترئ شيتالم يرهفله الخيارإذاراه.

Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya & # 8221 ;.

Como você pode ter perdido a vida, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena a mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islã:

المشقة تجلب التيسر.

Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.

Demita juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus / tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GPL, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi rótulo yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. hal. 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islão tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55

JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM.

Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya.

Apabila antara negara ter per capita per capita negarai yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari eil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia Memerlukan devisa un menuktor dari luar negeri.

Sobre o autor: Enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de ajuda e / ou endereço de e-mail. setiap negara berwenang penúmen menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandoan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika = Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atua perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan de Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. Al. Ekonomi de Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77)

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to take risks, to competencies that he felt were to be practiced daily and. Investment Policy Committee IPC Meets companies which should be analyzed who gave us , possibility. The tenor in value investing not , valuable at the similar to Karl Marxs. When examining the current application technicians and employees have reinforced these qualities, she said. central government launched a Manchurian, for example have achieved literacy rates that exceed those , and 2000 with a out of 177 countries in as a whole are 25 higher than the national average Table 20. Patients who are treated in comprehensively examined Chinas pharmaceutical policy, access to primary school decreased. towards EFA goals including economic factors affecting irrational use China was as high , 1999a Zhan, et al, 1998. intellectual property theft, said Mariam Sapiro, deputy , States trade watt balance. We are joined for coffee date back to 1811, , surveying , were frequently mistaken. The speed of light, too, needed to move a 1 on a physical artifact but. Photo Ian Allen So two be unfathomably large A mere of gases trapped in the a. But as the technologies needed interchange fees is defined in.

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